01 Multiple choice — 20 questions
One attempt per option. A correct answer locks the question and explains itself; a wrong one only disables that option, so you can keep trying. The running score sits at the bottom of the page.
02 Written questions — 6 questions
Answer each in full before opening its model answer. The model answers are written at the length a full-mark response needs.
1. Explain why incorporeal rights count as property (māl) in fiqh, and what that entitles their owners to do.
Show model answer
In fiqh, property is defined as anything that possesses recognised value among people and may be lawfully utilised. That standard says nothing about being physical, so an intangible thing satisfying value plus permissible utility qualifies as māl.
Because incorporeal rights meet the standard, their owners may sell, buy, or lease them, and the rights are financial rights safeguarded by Shariah.
2. Compare copyright, patent, and trade name across what they protect, the owner's rights, and the number of Shariah reasons behind each.
Show model answer
Copyright (1886) protects a creative work; the owner holds a literary right (permanent, non-transferable) and a financial right (temporary, inheritable); four Shariah reasons.
Patent (1791) protects an invention; the inventor may use it for a limited period and register it under his name; three Shariah reasons — it drops the 'urf reason.
Trade name (1909) protects a business identity; the owner holds exclusive use and a transferable asset; four Shariah reasons, plus the condition that it not be based on cheating or gharar.
Only patent drops to three reasons; only trade name adds a condition.
3. Name the four kinds of invention certificate and explain which one is the odd one out.
Show model answer
Full-Rights — strict qualifying conditions, complete legal protection. Limited — more lenient criteria, restricted protection. Additive — issued for improvements or modifications to an already-certified invention. Importation — for introducing a foreign-developed invention for the first time.
The importation certificate is the odd one out: it does not protect an invention at all. It is an exclusive commercial enterprise right for whoever first brings the foreign invention in, not protection for original inventorship.
4. State the three historical forms of collaborative insurance in Islam and the three modern systems.
Show model answer
Historical (Z.K.S.): the People of Zakat — those in unpayable debt or extreme poverty helped through the alms of the wealthy; the Kinship system (Aqilah) — blood money for accidental homicide distributed among the killer's paternal male relatives; and Social solidarity — the Ash'arites pooling and equally redistributing their food when supplies ran low.
Modern (R.S.R.): the Retirement System (a monthly state pension at a set age or tenure, funded by salary deductions); the Social Security System (state cover for manual laborers against illness, disability, and old age, funded by deductions plus Zakat and treasury support); and Reciprocal Insurance (a non-profit mutual fund of member donations supporting any member in distress).
5. Give the three reasons commercial insurance is prohibited, and map each riba scenario to its payout.
Show model answer
Excessive uncertainty (gharar): a deceptive contract with heavy uncertainty, and every compensation contract containing deception is corrupted — the Prophet ﷺ forbade the deceptive sale.
Elements of gambling: one party gains at the other's unearned expense on pure chance; an insured may pay one premium and collect a huge payout, or pay indefinitely and receive nothing, while the insurer assumes liability without having caused the damage.
Both forms of riba: if the company pays more than what was paid in, ribā al-fadl; if it pays back exactly what was paid, ribā al-nasī'ah; if it pays nothing because no risk occurred, it took the money illegitimately.
It is the combination of all three, not gharar alone.
6. Compare commercial and collaborative insurance across the five dimensions given in the lecture.
Show model answer
Ruling: commercial is prohibited; collaborative is encouraged. Contract type: compensative versus donation. Target: profit versus collaboration and solidarity. Surplus: not recalled to participants versus recalled — it belongs to them. Structure: personal, an individual contract with a company, versus common, a shared pool for the group.
The pattern: commercial is individual and profit-facing; collaborative is shared and solidarity-facing.