ISC 103 · Islamic Economic System

📖 Islamic Economy Defined L1

Knowledge of religious legislations regulating earning, spending & investing money through detailed Sharia proofs.

Three aspects: Ideological · Theoretical/Analytical · Applied (Policy)
Ideological bases: Money belongs to Allah; humans are guardians
Economic balance + social justice are obligatory
Both public & private property rights are protected

🏛 Key Economic Terms L3

Term	Key Point
Wealth	Productive + consumable assets (excludes services)
Commodity	Tangible; must be beneficial, rare, tradable, halal
Service	Intangible; must be halal (no cinemas/nightclubs)
Utility	Good/service's power to satisfy a human need
Income	Return to owner of a production factor
Saving	Income minus consumption (not spent)
Investment	Net increase in real capital of society
Hoarding	Withholding money without paying Zakah → forbidden

📦 Commodity Classification L3

Type	Examples
Durable Consumer	Fridge, car, washing machine
Single-use Consumer	Food, drinks
Durable Production	Machinery, equipment
Single-use Production	Raw iron, fuel
Dual-use	Flour (factory & home), electricity

Islam adds a 4th condition to commodities: must be permissible (halal) - overrides all other conditions.

⚖️ Economic Dilemma (Relative Scarcity) L6

Cause: Impossibility of fulfilling all needs in the right time, place & form
Purpose in Islam: Motive to work + test from Allah

Production factors: Work · Capital · Natural Resources

Malthus theory: Population outgrows resources → Proven wrong
Resources are fixed (land) OR renewable (forests, fish)
Alternatives emerge as resources deplete

Real causes of starvation: Unequal distribution · misuse of resources · exaggerated needs · spiritual crisis · divine test

🔄 The Three Systems L2

Feature	Capitalism	Socialism / Communism	Islam
Focus	Individual interest; self-satisfaction	State-satisfaction	Satisfaction of Allah
Life View	Worldly life (confused about hereafter)	Worldly life only; no hereafter	Worldly + Hereafter life
Market	Competitive - survival of fittest	State controls market	Competition + state intervention + philanthropy
Ownership	Absolute private	State/collective only	Dual (private + public)
Authority	Self-interest & rationalism	State is sole authority	Moral-filtered individualism
Value judgment	None	None	Social, national, cultural values
Religion	Independent / unreliable	No religion	Key determinant
Earning	Any way	Any way	Honest way only

✦ Islamic Economy Characteristics L2

1. Dual Property - balance between individual & community interest (if no contradiction)

2. Restricted Economic Liberty - legitimate regulations on earning & spending

3. Social Solidarity - Zakat, charities, and benevolences are obligatory

✗ Flaws of Other Systems L2

CAPITALISM

Wealth imbalance
Crises & unemployment
Monopoly
Absolute freedom in spending

SOCIALISM

Fights human instinct (ownership)
Human becomes machine/slave
Hard poverty in socialist nations

💰 Money - Development Stages L11

Stage 1

Commodity Money
(animals)

→

Stage 2

Metal Money
(gold/silver)

→

Stage 3

Alternate Paper
(goldsmiths)

→

Stage 4

Fiat Money
(today)

Gold/silver ruled until 1931 (gold standard abandoned)
Silver excluded earlier due to low value

🏦 Types of Fiat Money L11

Type	Key Point	Legal Tender?
Coins	Small values (10, 25 Halalas) for micro-transactions	Yes
Banknotes	Negotiable promissory note; Central Bank issues; value = government backing	Yes
Credit/Deposit Money	Current accounts; withdrawn via checks/debit cards; not tangible	No

⛔ Riba (Usury) Rules - CRITICAL L9

Loan Riba
Conditional increase taken by lender for delay, without real exchange

Sales Riba
Trading same commodity with extra amount (increase/interest)

The 6 Ribawi Goods (hadith):

Gold · Silver · Wheat · Barley · Dates · Salt

Exchange Type	Equality Required?	Instant?
Same kind (gold↔gold)	YES - equal qty	YES
Different kind (gold↔silver)	NO - any ratio	YES - hand-to-hand

FORBIDDEN: Selling $1 USD for 3.75 SR with delay. Selling 10 SR for 11 SR (hand-to-hand OR delayed).

ALLOWED: Selling $1 USD for 3.75 SR (or any rate) instantly.

🥇 Gold & Silver - Why Ideal Money L11

Reasonable rarity - not too common, not too scarce
Do not corrode or rust over time
Divisible - can be split into smaller units
Lightweight and easy to carry

🌙 Zakat Fundamentals L5

3rd Pillar of Islam; decided in 2nd year of Hijra
Rate: 2.5% (1/40) of total disposable income
Applies after fulfilling essential needs of self & dependents
Mandatory if wealth ≥ nisab; skipping it = sinful
Abu Bakr fought those who refused Zakat

Zakat = Your Cash ÷ 40 OR Your Cash × 2.5%

⚖️ Nisab Thresholds L5

Metal	Minimum (Nisab)	Example Calculation
Gold	85 grams	If 1g = 150 SR → Nisab = 12,750 SR
Silver	595 grams	Lower nisab → use this if it's less

Use the lower of the two nisabs (gold or silver). Zakat is due if cash ≥ that lower amount.

🎯 8 Recipients of Zakat (Quran 9:60) L5

Mnemonic: "Poor Needy Admin Hearts Free Debt Jihad Travel"
1) Poor · 2) Needy · 3) Zakat Administrators · 4) Hearts to be reconciled (new muslims)
5) Freeing captives · 6) Debtors · 7) Cause of Allah (Jihad) · 8) Stranded traveler

🕌 Islamic Revenue Sources L5

PERIODIC (regular/annual)

Source	Description
Zakat	2.5% on wealth ≥ nisab (3rd pillar)
Jizyah	Per-capita tax on non-Muslim dhimmi (adult, sane, free males); exempts women, children, elderly, poor, monks
Al-Kharaj	Agricultural land tax on conquered lands

NON-PERIODIC (irregular)

Source	Description
Khums (1/5 of spoils)	4/5 to fighters; 1/5 to Prophet/welfare of Muslims
Fay'	Money from non-Muslims without fighting / via peace treaty
Al-Eshour	Customs tax on traders passing through Muslim lands; first imposed by Omar ibn Khattab
Ownerless wealth	Inheritance with no heirs; unclaimed deposits
Wakf	Charitable endowment (inalienable); must be for good deeds

🏛 Non-Islamic Revenue Sources L4

Type	Definition
Taxes	Obligatory deduction on income/profits/goods by government (largest source)
Fees/Charges	Payment for specific government service provided to individual
Public Loans	Borrowing from banks/countries/institutions with repayment + interest = national debt
Public Sector Revenue	Sale/lease of government-owned assets (cars, machines)
Other	Fines, grants, gifts from citizens/states

📜 Public Expenditure - Historical Eras L4 · L5

Era	Key Feature
Prophet ﷺ	No Bait Al-Mal needed; revenue from wars; immediate distribution; borrow Zakat in advance if needed
Abu Bakr	Same + fought those refusing Zakat
Omar ibn Khattab	State expanded → established Bait Al-Mal; created Aldewan (ministry); organized economic affairs
Othman ibn Affan	Revenue increased further; distributed via salary increases & gifts
Ali ibn Abi Talib	Focus on economic development & land cultivation

3 Rules of Public Expenditure:

Beneficial Use - maximize utility at minimum cost for most people
Economic Use - avoid extravagance; spend on basics
Authorization - only after approval by competent legislative authority

🔨 Work (Labour) L7

Every intentional & organized physical or mental effort to find or increase a legitimate benefit

5 Work Ethics in Islam:

Mastering the work (Allah loves excellence)
Suitability - choose work you can do efficiently
Know worker's needs to improve performance
Willingness & sincerity - proactive dedication
Honesty - trustworthy treasurer = charitable giver

State's role:

Provide job opportunities & training
Supervise employer - employee relations
Can compel necessary professions & ban harmful ones

💎 Capital - Forms of Partnership L7

#	Form	Key Condition
1	Both contribute capital + labor	Profit split by share or agreement; capital must be cash, known amount
2	One capital + one labor (Brokerage)	Profit split per agreement
3	Both capital + one manages more	Larger investor allows other to manage; profits split
4	One capital + both labor	Cash from one partner only; profits by agreement
5	Solo trade	One man, own capital, buys & sells = Trade

Saving vs Hoarding: Saving (invest/heir/emergency + pay Zakat) = ✓ | Hoarding (no Zakat, no circulation) = ✗

🌾 Land (Natural Resources) L7

Method	Definition	What worker gets
Musaqah	Owner gives crops to worker to irrigate & care for	Known share of produce (e.g. half)
Muzara'ah	Owner gives land to worker to cultivate	Known share of produce (e.g. third)

Both methods require: (1) Worker gets known + agreed portion (half, third, etc.) (2) Share from entire products

🎯 Production Motives in Islam L7

Linked to worship - production with sincere intention = ibadah
Caliph role - humans are successors on earth; produce for future generations
Universe subservient - Allah made all resources available for human development

Production must be: Not harmful to society + Halal in Islam

🛒 Three Elements of Consumption Theory L8

1. Rationalization - follow Islamic guidelines in managing money

Taraf (ترف) - prohibition of indulgence & luxury life
Israf (إسراف) - prohibition of exceeding temperance in spending (less extreme than Taraf)
Tabthear (تبذير) - spending on wrongful/unworthy things; spendthrifts = brothers of Shaytan
Moderation - neither miser (hand tied to neck) nor spendthrift
Prohibition of consuming harmful goods (alcohol, gambling, etc.)

2. Economic Liberty - Islam rejects absolute liberty; supports rational freedom within Sharia that balances individual & community interest

3. Interest / Gratification (الإشباع) - includes both material AND spiritual; commodity must be halal; extravagance not allowed

⚡ Islam vs. Non-Islam: Gratification L8

Aspect	Non-Islamic	Islamic
Concept	Material enjoyment only	Material + Spiritual (reward/punishment dimension)
Authority	Consumer has absolute control	Commodity must be halal
More consumption	= more utility = more happiness	Extravagance is forbidden; rationale is imperative

🏪 9 Rules of Islamic Market Conduct L9

1. Fair Weights & Measures
Cheating in weights = major sin (Allah destroyed people of Shu'ayb for this)

2. No Riba (Usury)
"Allah allows sale and prohibits usury" - applies to 6 ribawi goods

3. Honesty - No Cheating
"He who cheats is not one of us"

4. No False Bidding (Najsh)
Fake bidder inflates price without intent to buy → seller + bidder both sinful

5. No Meeting Caravans Early
Don't intercept traders before they know market price

6. No Selling What You Don't Own
"Do not sell what is not with you" (Hadith of Hakim ibn Hizam)

7. No Exploiting Buyer's Inexperience or Need
Taking advantage of ignorance or desperation is forbidden

8. No Monopoly (Ihtikar)
Withholding grain 40+ days to raise price = "renounced God" (hadith)

9. Facilitate Transactions
"May Allah's mercy be on him who is lenient in buying, selling, and demanding payment"

📊 Supply & Demand L10

Price ↑ → Demand ↓ (inverse)
Price ↑ → Supply ↑ (direct)

Natural price fluctuations = Allah's decree; Prophet ﷺ refused to fix prices
Other factors: consumer income, production costs, market fluctuations

⚡ When Can Government Fix Prices? L10

Cause of High Price	Government Intervention?
Natural supply/demand (Allah's decree)	NO - do not interfere
Monopoly, greed, or cheating by traders	YES - ruler may fix prices

When fixing prices: ensure fairness - producer/seller not harmed by low price; buyer not harmed by high price.

🏦 Banks Defined L12

A bank is an institution, joint-stock company, or commercial establishment created for dealing in money and credit.

Type	Main Function
Issuing / Central Bank	Heads the banking system and issues paper money
Specialized Banks	Finance specific sectors; accepting deposits is not the core activity
Commercial Banks	Accept deposits, grant loans/credit, and invest in securities

Specialized examples: Real estate banks · Agricultural banks · Industrial banks

🏛 Central Bank Functions L12

Banking function: provides services to the state, including collecting what is due and paying what the state owes.

Monetary & credit function: supervises implementation of the state's monetary and credit policies.

Supervisory function: supervises other banks to stabilize money and credit and support the national economy.

💳 Commercial Banks - Deposits & Services L12

Service	Key Point	Exam Trap
Current / Demand Deposits	Deposited funds available for immediate circulation and withdrawal at any time	Withdrawable anytime
Time Deposits	Deposited for a specific term; depositor cannot withdraw until the agreed period passes	Banks pay interest because they can use the funds during the period
Regular Loans	Credit provided to customers	Conventional loans usually involve interest
Letters of Credit	Bank guarantees a buyer's payment to a seller on time and for the correct amount	If buyer fails, bank covers the amount then retrieves it from buyer plus interest
Other Services	Money transfers, foreign currency exchange, safe deposit boxes, and paying bills	These can be non-interest-based services

📈 Key Commercial Bank Roles L12

Accepting deposits: current, savings, and time accounts for individuals and businesses
Providing loans and credit: investment, personal, real estate, and credit facilities
Payment and transfer services: transfers, checks, credit cards, and payroll services
Foreign trade finance: letters of credit and letters of guarantee
Advisory and investment services: portfolios, investment advice, and trustee services

🕌 Why Islamic Banks Matter L12

Help Muslims avoid riba, which is prohibited by Quran, Sunnah, and consensus
Attract funds from Muslims reluctant to deal with interest-based banks
Use those funds for economic and social development in Islamic societies
Present an Islamic solution that can meet modern economic needs

⚖️ Islamic vs. Conventional Banks L12

Aspect	Conventional Banks	Islamic Banks
Interest	Interest is central to lending and many deposit products	No interest / riba
Main Focus	Lending	Investment
Capital Function	Equity trading using other people's money for limited fixed return	Investment trading by combining bank capital with depositors' funds
Risk / Result	Fixed interest return	Partnership: participants bear investment results

Islamic bank functions: current accounts, investment accounts, interest-free banking services, Qard Hasan, and collecting/distributing Zakat.

🔤 Core Islamic Economics Vocabulary L4 · L5 · L9 · L12

Term	Simple Meaning	How to Remember It
Nisab (النصاب)	The minimum wealth threshold that makes Zakat obligatory.	If your wealth reaches the nisab and stays eligible, calculate Zakat.
Zakat (الزكاة)	Obligatory charity; 2.5% of eligible wealth above nisab.	Third pillar of Islam; paid to the 8 recipient categories.
Riba (الربا)	Usury/interest; an unlawful increase in loans or certain sales exchanges.	Same ribawi item = equal amount + instant exchange.
Ribawi Goods (الأموال الربوية)	The goods mentioned in the riba hadith: gold, silver, wheat, barley, dates, salt.	Exchange rules are strict for these goods and their money equivalents.
Dhimmi (الذمي)	A non-Muslim subject living under Islamic state protection.	Jizyah applies to eligible dhimmi males, not to Muslims.
Jizyah (الجزية)	A per-capita tax on eligible non-Muslim dhimmi subjects.	Women, children, elderly, poor, monks, and others are exempt.
Al-Kharaj (الخراج)	Agricultural land tax on conquered lands.	Think: land revenue.
Khums (الخمس)	One-fifth of war spoils.	Khums literally connects to "fifth"; 4/5 to fighters, 1/5 for public welfare.
Fay' (الفيء)	Money/property gained from non-Muslims without fighting, such as by treaty.	Non-combat public revenue.
Al-Eshour (العشور)	Customs tax collected from merchants passing through Muslim lands.	First imposed by Omar ibn Khattab.
Wakf / Waqf (الوقف)	Charitable endowment dedicated to good deeds.	The asset is held; its benefit goes to charity/public good.
Bait Al-Mal (بيت المال)	The public treasury of the Islamic state.	Organized under Omar ibn Khattab as the state expanded.
Aldewan (الديوان)	An administrative register/ministry used to organize state affairs.	Think government administration and records.
Qard Hasan (القرض الحسن)	An interest-free benevolent loan.	Islamic banking service without riba.

💸 Spending Terms L8

Term	Meaning
Taraf (الترف)	Luxury indulgence; the most extreme form of excessive living.
Israf (الإسراف)	Exceeding moderation in spending, even on permissible things.
Tabthear (التبذير)	Spending money on wrongful or unworthy things.

Exam memory: Taraf (الترف) = luxury lifestyle, Israf (الإسراف) = too much, Tabthear (التبذير) = wrong place.

🌾 Land & Production Terms L7

Term	Meaning
Musaqah (المساقاة)	Owner gives crops/trees to a worker to irrigate and care for, for a known share.
Muzara'ah (المزارعة)	Owner gives land to a worker to cultivate, for a known share of produce.
Brokerage / Mudarabah (المضاربة)	One partner provides capital and another provides labor/management; profit split by agreement.

Shortcut: Musaqah (المساقاة) = crops/trees, Muzara'ah (المزارعة) = land.

🏪 Market Terms L9

Term	Meaning
Najsh (النجش)	False bidding: raising a price without intending to buy.
Ihtikar (الاحتكار)	Monopoly/hoarding goods to raise prices.
Halal Commodity (سلعة حلال)	A beneficial, rare, tradable good that is also permissible in Islam.

🏦 Banking Terms L12

Term	Meaning
Issuing / Central Bank (البنك المركزي)	The bank at the head of the banking system; issues paper money and supervises banks.
Current Deposit (الوديعة الجارية)	Money deposited in a bank that can be withdrawn at any time.
Time Deposit (الوديعة لأجل)	Money deposited for a fixed period; cannot be withdrawn until the agreed time passes.
Letter of Credit (خطاب الاعتماد)	A bank guarantee that a buyer's payment to a seller will be made on time and correctly.

🚨 High-Frequency Exam Traps Mixed

Trap 1:L11 Credit/Deposit money IS fiat money but is NOT legal tender - don't confuse fiat with legal tender.

Trap 2:L9 Riba in same-kind exchange requires BOTH equality AND instant exchange. Different-kind only requires instant (ratio can differ).

Trap 3:L5 Jizyah is on dhimmi (non-Muslim subjects), NOT on Muslims. Women, children, elderly, poor are EXEMPT.

Trap 4:L8 Israf ≠ Tabthear ≠ Taraf. Taraf = luxury indulgence (most extreme); Israf = excess spending; Tabthear = spending on wrong things.

Trap 5:L3 · L5 Saving ≠ Hoarding. Saving with Zakat paid = allowed. Hoarding = keeping money out of circulation without Zakat = haram.

Trap 6:L3 Wealth does NOT include services - services are excluded from the definition of wealth.

Trap 7:L6 Malthus theory is considered WRONG in Islam because resources are renewable and alternatives emerge.

Trap 8:L7 Musaqah = owner gives CROPS (not land). Muzara'ah = owner gives LAND. Don't swap these.

Trap 9:L5 Al-Eshour (customs) was first imposed by OMAR ibn Khattab - not the Prophet ﷺ or Abu Bakr.

Trap 10:L3 The commodity 4th condition (halal) is UNIQUE to Islamic economics and OVERRIDES all other conditions.

Trap 11:L12 Current deposits can be withdrawn anytime; time deposits cannot be withdrawn until the agreed period passes.

Trap 12:L12 Islamic banks focus on investment and exclude riba; conventional banks focus on lending and fixed interest return.

📋 Practice Questions - Click to Reveal Answers Mixed

EASYL8 What is the difference between Israf and Tabthear?

+

Israf (إسراف): Exceeding the limit of temperance in spending - spending too much even on legitimate things.
Tabthear (تبذير): Spending money on wrongful or unworthy things - the manner of a spendthrift. Tabthear is specifically associated with following Shaytan.
⚠ Trap: Taraf is the most extreme - luxury indulgence in forbidden pleasures.

EASYL2 Name the three characteristics of Islamic Economy.

+

1) Dual Property - balancing individual and community interests
2) Restricted Economic Liberty - legitimate regulation of earning and spending
3) Social Solidarity - obligation of Zakat, charity, benevolence

MEDIUML5 Ahmad has 20,000 SR in cash. If 1g of gold = 150 SR, must he pay Zakat? Calculate the amount.

+

Step 1: Nisab of gold = 85g × 150 SR = 12,750 SR
Step 2: 20,000 SR > 12,750 SR → YES, Zakat is obligatory
Step 3: Zakat = 20,000 ÷ 40 = 500 SR (OR 20,000 × 2.5% = 500 SR)

MEDIUML9 Is it permissible to sell 10 Saudi Riyals for 11 Saudi Riyals immediately (hand-to-hand)?

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NO - this is Riba.
SR for SR is same-kind exchange. Rules: must be equal quantity AND instant.
Selling 10 SR for 11 SR violates the equality condition, even if hand-to-hand.
⚠ The "instant" condition does NOT rescue an unequal same-kind exchange.

MEDIUML7 What is the difference between Musaqah and Muzara'ah? Give conditions for both.

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Musaqah: Owner gives his crops to a worker to irrigate and care for, in exchange for a known share of produce.
Muzara'ah: Owner gives his land to a worker to cultivate, in exchange for a known share of produce.
Shared conditions: (1) Worker gets a known agreed portion (half, third, etc.); (2) Share must be from the entire products.
⚠ Musaqah = crops | Muzara'ah = land - do not confuse.

MEDIUML5 Who are exempt from paying Jizyah? Who must pay it?

+

Must pay: Free, sane, adult males from dhimma community (Jews, Christians, others) living under Islamic state.
Exempt: Women · Children · Elderly · Poor · Handicapped · Slaves · Monks · Hermits
Amount is decided by the Muslim leader based on capability.
⚠ Jizyah is NOT paid by Muslims - only non-Muslim dhimmi subjects.

HARDL2 Compare the 3 economic systems (Capitalism, Socialism, Islam) in terms of property ownership, decision-making authority, and view of life.

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Capitalism: Absolute private ownership; self-interest is sole decision authority; focused on worldly life (confused about hereafter).
Socialism: State owns all production; state is sole decision authority; worldly life only - no hereafter.
Islam: Dual property (private + public); individualism filtered through moral/Islamic values; both worldly AND hereafter life considered.
Key distinction: Only Islam has religion as a key determinant and earning must be honest.

HARDL10 When can an Islamic government fix prices? When is it prohibited from doing so?

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Prohibited: When price rises are due to natural supply and demand (Allah's decree). The Prophet ﷺ refused to fix prices saying "God is the One who sets them."
Permitted/Required: When traders engage in monopoly, greed, or cheating - the ruler has the right (and duty) to intervene and fix prices.
Condition: Pricing must be fair - neither producer harmed by too-low price, nor buyer by too-high price.

HARDL4 · L5 Distinguish between periodic and non-periodic Islamic public revenues. Give 3 examples of each.

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Periodic (annual, regular): Zakat · Jizyah · Al-Kharaj (land tax)
Non-periodic (irregular): Khums (1/5 of spoils) · Fay' (non-combat income from non-Muslims) · Al-Eshour (customs) · Ownerless wealth · Wakf revenues
⚠ Zakat is the main source and a religious obligation - not just a tax.

HARDL4 What are the three rules of public expenditure in Islam? Give a brief example for each.

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1. Beneficial Use: Direct spending to achieve maximum utility at minimum cost for the most people. E.g., build a public hospital not a luxury palace.
2. Economic Use: Avoid extravagance; spend only on basic needs. E.g., a simple government office instead of lavish headquarters.
3. Authorization: Spending only after approval by competent legislative authority via law. E.g., budget must be passed by parliament before any government spending.

MEDIUML12 Compare current deposits and time deposits in commercial banks.

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Current / demand deposits: funds deposited with banks and available for immediate withdrawal at any time.
Time deposits: funds deposited for a specific agreed term; the depositor cannot withdraw them until that period has passed.
⚠ Time deposits are more beneficial for conventional banks because the bank can use the funds during the period and pays interest on them.

HARDL12 What are the main advantages of Islamic banks over conventional banks?

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1) They exclude interest / riba.
2) They focus on investment, while conventional banks focus on lending.
3) The function of capital differs: conventional banks use other people's money for a limited fixed return; Islamic banks combine their capital with investment depositors' funds and seek partnership-based investment opportunities where participants bear the results.

📿 Essential Quotes for Exams Mixed

Topic	Lecture	Source	Key Point
Riba/Usury	L9	Hadith ('Ubada ibn As-Samit)	"Do not sell gold for gold… except equal for equal, hand-to-hand"
Cheating in market	L9	Hadith	"The one who cheats is not one of us"
Monopoly	L9	Hadith (Omar reported)	Withholding grain 40 days to raise price = "renounced God"
Work excellence	L7	Hadith	"Allah loves that when one does a job, he does it with excellence"
Accountability for wealth	L1 · L2	Hadith	Man asked on Resurrection about: life, knowledge, wealth (how earned & spent), body
Zakat	L5	Quran (Surah At-Tawbah 9:60)	8 recipients of Zakat
Market facilitation	L9	Hadith	"May Allah's mercy be on him who is lenient in buying, selling, demanding payment"
Spoils of war (Khums)	L5	Quran (Anfal)	"One-fifth is for Allah and the Messenger"
Stewardship of wealth	L1	Quran	"Spend out of that in which He has made you successors"
No price-fixing	L10	Hadith (Anas ibn Malik)	"Indeed, God is the One who sets prices… the Provider"
Riba in banking	L12	Quran / Sunnah / Consensus	Islamic banks exist to avoid interest-based transactions and support halal investment